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v2.7 (latest) v2.4 (stable) v2.2 (earlier version) v2.1 (earlier version) v2.0 (earlier version) v1.3 (earlier version)
  • GET STARTED
    • Quick start
      • 1. Install YugabyteDB
      • 2. Create a local cluster
      • 3. Explore YSQL
      • 4. Build an application
        • Java
        • NodeJS
        • Go
        • Python
        • Ruby
        • C#
        • PHP
        • C++
        • C
        • Scala
    • Explore core features
      • Linear scalability
      • Fault tolerance
      • Global distribution
      • Auto sharding
      • Follower reads
      • Observability
      • Colocated tables
      • Change data capture (CDC)
      • Two data center (2DC)
  • USER GUIDES
    • Develop
      • Learn app development
        • 1. SQL vs NoSQL
        • 2. Data modeling
        • 3. Data types
        • 4. ACID transactions
        • 5. Aggregations
        • 6. Batch operations
        • 7. Date and time
        • 8. Strings and text
        • 9. TTL for data expiration
      • Ecosystem integrations
        • Apache Kafka
        • Apache Spark
        • JanusGraph
        • KairosDB
        • Presto
        • Metabase
      • Build GraphQL apps
        • Hasura
        • Prisma
      • Real-world examples
        • E-Commerce app
        • IoT fleet management
        • Retail Analytics
      • Explore sample apps
      • Best practices
    • Deploy
      • Deployment checklist
      • Manual deployment
        • 1. System configuration
        • 2. Install software
        • 3. Start YB-Masters
        • 4. Start YB-TServers
        • 5. Verify deployment
      • Kubernetes
        • Single-zone
          • Open Source
          • Amazon EKS
          • Google Kubernetes Engine
          • Azure Kubernetes Service
        • Multi-zone
          • Amazon EKS
          • Google Kubernetes Engine
        • Multi-cluster
          • Google Kubernetes Engine
        • Best practices
        • Connect clients
      • Docker
      • Public clouds
        • Amazon Web Services
        • Google Cloud Platform
        • Microsoft Azure
      • Multi-DC deployments
        • Three+ data center (3DC)
        • Two data center (2DC)
        • Read replica clusters
      • Change data capture (CDC)
        • CDC to Kafka
      • Pivotal Cloud Foundry
      • Yugabyte Platform
        • 1. Prepare cloud environment
        • 2. Install Yugabyte Platform
        • 3. Configure Yugabyte Platform
        • 4. Configure cloud providers
      • Yugabyte Cloud
        • Free Tier
        • Create clusters
        • Monitor clusters
        • Create databases
        • Manage database access
        • Connect to clusters
    • Benchmark
      • TPC-C
      • sysbench
      • YCSB
      • Key-value workload
      • Large datasets
      • Scalability
        • Scaling queries
      • Resilience
        • Jepsen testing
    • Secure
      • Security checklist
      • Authentication
        • Authentication
        • Fine-grained authentication
      • Encryption in transit
        • Create client certificates
        • Create server certificates
        • Enable server-to-server encryption
        • Enable client-to-server encryption
        • Connect to clusters
      • Encryption at rest
      • Authorization
        • RBAC model
        • Create roles
        • Grant privileges
    • Manage
      • Back up and restore
        • Back up data
        • Restore data
        • Snapshot and restore data
      • Migrate data
        • Bulk import
        • Bulk export
      • Change cluster configuration
      • Diagnostics reporting
      • Upgrade a deployment
      • Yugabyte Platform
        • Create a multi-zone universe
        • Create a multi-region universe
        • Edit a universe
        • Configure health checks and alerts
        • Edit configuration flags
        • Create and edit instance tags
        • Create a read replica cluster
        • Node status and actions
        • Back up and restore data
        • Back up and restore Yugabyte Platform
        • Schedule a data backup
        • Upgrade a universe
        • Delete a universe
        • Migrate to Helm 3
    • Troubleshoot
      • Troubleshooting
      • Cluster level issues
        • YCQL connection issues
        • YEDIS connection Issues
        • Recover tserver/master
      • Node level issues
        • Check processes
        • Inspect logs
        • System statistics
        • Disk failure
      • Yugabyte Platform
        • Troubleshoot universes
  • REFERENCE
    • APIs
      • YSQL
        • Statements
          • ABORT
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
          • ALTER DOMAIN
          • ALTER GROUP
          • ALTER POLICY
          • ALTER ROLE
          • ALTER SEQUENCE
          • ALTER TABLE
          • ALTER USER
          • BEGIN
          • COMMENT
          • COMMIT
          • COPY
          • CREATE AGGREGATE
          • CREATE CAST
          • CREATE DATABASE
          • CREATE DOMAIN
          • CREATE EXTENSION
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE GROUP
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE OPERATOR
          • CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
          • CREATE POLICY
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE ROLE
          • CREATE RULE
          • CREATE SCHEMA
          • CREATE SEQUENCE
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TABLE AS
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE TYPE
          • CREATE USER
          • CREATE VIEW
          • DEALLOCATE
          • DELETE
          • DO
          • DROP AGGREGATE
          • DROP CAST
          • DROP DATABASE
          • DROP DOMAIN
          • DROP EXTENSION
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP GROUP
          • DROP OPERATOR
          • DROP OPERATOR CLASS
          • DROP OWNED
          • DROP POLICY
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP ROLE
          • DROP RULE
          • DROP SEQUENCE
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP TYPE
          • DROP USER
          • END
          • EXECUTE
          • EXPLAIN
          • GRANT
          • INSERT
          • LOCK
          • PREPARE
          • REASSIGN OWNED
          • RESET
          • REVOKE
          • ROLLBACK
          • SELECT
          • SET
          • SET CONSTRAINTS
          • SET ROLE
          • SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
          • SET TRANSACTION
          • SHOW
          • SHOW TRANSACTION
          • TRUNCATE
          • UPDATE
        • Data types
          • Array
            • array of DOMAINs
            • array[] constructor
            • FOREACH loop (PL/pgSQL)
            • Literals
              • Text typecasting and literals
              • Array of primitive values
              • Row
              • Array of rows
            • Functions and operators
              • Array comparison
              • Array concatenation
              • Array properties
              • Array slice operator
              • array_agg() / unnest()
              • array_fill()
              • array_position(), array_positions()
              • array_remove()
              • array_replace() / set value
              • array_to_string()
              • string_to_array()
          • Binary
          • Boolean
          • Character
          • Date and time
          • JSON
            • JSON literals
            • Primitive and compound data types
            • Code example conventions
            • Indexes and check constraints
            • Functions & operators
              • ::jsonb, ::json, ::text (typecast)
              • ->, ->>, #>, #>> (JSON subvalues)
              • - and #- (remove)
              • || (concatenation)
              • = (equality)
              • @> and <@ (containment)
              • ? and ?| and ?& (key or value existence)
              • array_to_json()
              • jsonb_agg()
              • jsonb_array_elements()
              • jsonb_array_elements_text()
              • jsonb_array_length()
              • jsonb_build_object()
              • jsonb_build_array()
              • jsonb_each()
              • jsonb_each_text()
              • jsonb_extract_path()
              • jsonb_extract_path_text() and json_extract_path_text()
              • jsonb_object()
              • jsonb_object_agg()
              • jsonb_object_keys()
              • jsonb_populate_record()
              • jsonb_populate_recordset()
              • jsonb_pretty()
              • jsonb_set() and jsonb_insert()
              • jsonb_strip_nulls()
              • jsonb_to_record()
              • jsonb_to_recordset()
              • jsonb_typeof()
              • row_to_json()
              • to_jsonb()
          • Money
          • Numeric
          • Serial
          • UUID
        • Functions and operators
          • currval()
          • lastval()
          • nextval()
          • Window functions
            • Informal functionality overview
            • Invocation SQL syntax and semantics
            • Per function signature and purpose
              • row_number(), rank() and dense_rank()
              • percent_rank(), cume_dist() and ntile()
              • first_value(), nth_value(), last_value()
              • lag(), lead()
              • Tables for the code examples
                • table t1
                • table t2
                • table t3
                • table t4
            • Analyzing a normal distribution
              • Bucket allocation scheme
              • do_clean_start.sql
              • cr_show_t4.sql
              • cr_dp_views.sql
              • cr_int_views.sql
              • cr_pr_cd_equality_report.sql
              • cr_bucket_using_width_bucket.sql
              • cr_bucket_dedicated_code.sql
              • do_assert_bucket_ok
              • cr_histogram.sql
              • cr_do_ntile.sql
              • cr_do_percent_rank.sql
              • cr_do_cume_dist.sql
              • do_populate_results.sql
              • do_report_results.sql
              • do_compare_dp_results.sql
              • do_demo.sql
              • Reports
                • Histogram report
                • dp-results
                • compare-dp-results
                • int-results
        • Extensions
        • Keywords
        • Reserved names
      • YCQL
        • Quick start YCQL
        • ALTER KEYSPACE
        • ALTER ROLE
        • ALTER TABLE
        • CREATE INDEX
        • CREATE KEYSPACE
        • CREATE ROLE
        • CREATE TABLE
        • CREATE TYPE
        • DROP INDEX
        • DROP KEYSPACE
        • DROP ROLE
        • DROP TABLE
        • DROP TYPE
        • GRANT PERMISSION
        • GRANT ROLE
        • REVOKE PERMISSION
        • REVOKE ROLE
        • USE
        • INSERT
        • SELECT
        • EXPLAIN
        • UPDATE
        • DELETE
        • TRANSACTION
        • TRUNCATE
        • Simple expressions
        • Subscripted expressions
        • Function call
        • Operators
        • BLOB
        • BOOLEAN
        • Collection
        • FROZEN
        • INET
        • Integer and counter
        • Non-integer
        • TEXT
        • DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP
        • UUID and TIMEUUID
        • JSONB
        • Date and time
    • CLIs
      • yb-ctl
      • yb-docker-ctl
      • ysqlsh
      • ycqlsh
      • yb-admin
      • yb-ts-cli
      • ysql_dump
      • ysql_dumpall
    • Configuration
      • yb-tserver
      • yb-master
      • yugabyted
      • Default ports
    • Drivers
      • PostgreSQL JDBC Driver
      • YugabyteDB JDBC Driver
      • Spring Data YugabyteDB
    • Connectors
      • Kafka Connect YugabyteDB
    • Third party tools
      • DBeaver
      • DbSchema
      • pgAdmin
      • SQL Workbench/J
      • TablePlus
      • Visual Studio Code
    • Sample datasets
      • Chinook
      • Northwind
      • PgExercises
      • SportsDB
  • CONCEPTS
    • Architecture
      • Design goals
      • Key concepts
        • Universe
        • YB-TServer Service
        • YB-Master Service
      • Layered architecture
      • Query layer
        • Overview
      • DocDB transactions layer
        • Transactions overview
        • Transaction isolation levels
        • Explicit locking
        • Single-row transactions
        • Distributed transactions
        • Transactional IO path
      • DocDB sharding layer
        • Hash & range sharding
        • Tablet splitting
        • Colocated tables
      • DocDB replication layer
        • Replication
        • xCluster replication
        • Read replicas
        • Change data capture (CDC)
      • DocDB storage layer
        • Persistence
        • Performance
  • MISC
    • YEDIS
      • Quick start
      • Develop
        • Build an application
        • C#
        • C++
        • Go
        • Java
        • NodeJS
        • Python
      • API reference
        • APPEND
        • AUTH
        • CONFIG
        • CREATEDB
        • DELETEDB
        • LISTDB
        • SELECT
        • DEL
        • ECHO
        • EXISTS
        • EXPIRE
        • EXPIREAT
        • FLUSHALL
        • FLUSHDB
        • GET
        • GETRANGE
        • GETSET
        • HDEL
        • HEXISTS
        • HGET
        • HGETALL
        • HINCRBY
        • HKEYS
        • HLEN
        • HMGET
        • HMSET
        • HSET
        • HSTRLEN
        • HVALS
        • INCR
        • INCRBY
        • KEYS
        • MONITOR
        • PEXPIRE
        • PEXPIREAT
        • PTTL
        • ROLE
        • SADD
        • SCARD
        • RENAME
        • SET
        • SETEX
        • PSETEX
        • SETRANGE
        • SISMEMBER
        • SMEMBERS
        • SREM
        • STRLEN
        • ZRANGE
        • TSADD
        • TSCARD
        • TSGET
        • TSLASTN
        • TSRANGEBYTIME
        • TSREM
        • TSREVRANGEBYTIME
        • TTL
        • ZADD
        • ZCARD
        • ZRANGEBYSCORE
        • ZREM
        • ZREVRANGE
        • ZSCORE
        • PUBSUB
        • PUBLISH
        • SUBSCRIBE
        • UNSUBSCRIBE
        • PSUBSCRIBE
        • PUNSUBSCRIBE
YugabyteDB documentation
>

YugabyteDB documentation

v2.1 — an earlier stable release series

Attention

This page documents an earlier version. Go to the latest (v2.7) version.
4 chapters
Quick Start
Get started in 5 minutes (or less) on macOS, Linux, Docker and Kubernetes.
8 articles
Explore
See core features in action.
5 chapters
Develop
Learn how to develop applications powered by YugabyteDB.
10 chapters
Deploy
Deploy multi-node clusters on any public cloud or private data center.
7 chapters
Benchmark
Run performance, correctness, and data density benchmarks.
5 chapters
Secure
Secure with authentication, authorization, and encryption.
6 chapters
Manage
Manage with extreme operational ease and efficiency.
4 chapters
Troubleshoot
Troubleshoot YugabyteDB with ease.
6 chapters
Architecture
Learn how YugabyteDB works.
2 chapters
API reference
Reference for the YSQL and YCQL APIs.
8 chapters
CLI reference
Admin commands and utilities reference.
3 chapters
Configuration reference
Reference for configuring YB-TServer and YB-Master services.
Drivers
Drivers for powering applications with YugabyteDB.
Connectors
Connectors for integrating with YugabyteDB.
6 chapters
Third party tools
GUI tools for developing and managing YugabyteDB databases.
4 chapters
Sample datasets
Sample datasets for use with YugabyteDB.
What's new
Release notes for current and earlier releases.
Earlier releases
Release notes for current and earlier releases.
13 articles
Comparisons
Comparisons with common operational databases.
4 chapters
FAQs
Frequently asked questions about YugabyteDB, operations, API compatibility, and Yugabyte Platform.
Get involved
Learn how you can become a contributor.
Core database
Contribute to the core database.
Ask our community
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